Īerial photograph of Fort Douaumont towards the end of 1916 This consisted of a mutually supporting ring of 22 polygonal forts up to 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the city, and an inner ring of 6 forts. Shortly afterwards, a new system of fortification was begun. In the Franco-Prussian War, Verdun was the last French fortress to surrender in 1870. During the Napoleonic War, the citadel was used to hold British prisoners of war. Although much of his plan was built in the following decades, some of the elements were not completed until after the Napoleonic Wars. In 1670, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban visited Verdun and drew up an ambitious scheme to fortify the whole city. The Bishopric of Verdun formed together with Tull ( Toul) and Metz the Three Bishoprics, which were annexed by France in 1552 (recognized in 1648 by the Peace of Westphalia).įrom 1624 to 1636, a large bastioned citadel was constructed on the site of the Abbey of Saint Vanne. Verdun was part of the middle kingdom of Lotharingia, and in 1374 it became a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.
įrom 1200 onward, Verdun has been famous for its Dragées or sugared almonds they were distributed at the baptism of French princes. It is also possible that Liutprand was referring to Verona. While many still identify it as Verdun on the Meuse, some argue that Verdun-sur-le-Doubs is a more feasible identification. The identity of the "Verdun" mentioned in sources is disputed, because there are many cities called Verdun in Europe (such as Verdun-sur-Garonne in Occitania, and Verdun-sur-le-Doubs). The Italian ambassador Liutprand of Cremona, as one example in the 10th century, presented a gift of four eunuchs to Emperor Constantine VII. The 843 Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne's empire between his three surviving sons.Īround this time, a city called Verdun was the centre of the thriving European trade in young boys who were sold to the Islamic emirates of Iberia, where they were enslaved as eunuchs. In 486, following the decisive Frankish victory at the Battle of Soissons, the city (amongst several other nearby cities) refused to yield to the Franks and was thus besieged by King Clovis I. It has been the seat of the bishop of Verdun since the 4th century, with interruptions. Verdun ( Verodunum, a latinisation of a place name meaning "strong fort" in Gaulish) was founded by the Gauls. The A4 autoroute Paris–Metz–Strasbourg passes south of the town. That is for the players to enforce themselves.Verdun is situated on both banks of the river Meuse, in the northern part of the Meuse department. If a player changes the turn, even temporarily to see what cards will become available next turn, cards will not be automatically discarded or removed from the game. Note: The players must still enforce the rules on allowing, or disallowing, the playing of cards on an invalid turn.
It is automatically moved by the players operating the Game Turn control on the toolbar. The turn marker on the Turn/Tours track cannot be moved directly by the players. The module uses the Turn number to restrict which cards can be chosen, and which cards can be randomly drawn, from the respective draw decks into the players hands. It is important to use the Game Turn control on the toolbar to set, and to change, the current Turn. Note: The module does not include the playaid sheet with the US entry, and event VP information. Changes at version 1.1 of the module are detailed in this PDF. A PDF guide on using the module is on the Help menu.
0 kommentar(er)
